Electrode materials

In multilayer ceramic elements two types of electrodes are necessary, the internal electrode layer and the external electrodes. The internal electrodes separates the PZT element in several thin ceramic pzt layers. Every other internal electrode layer is lead to the positive and negative electrode layer.
 
The internal electrodes are usually screen printed from Pt but Ag/Pd electrodes have also been qualified.
 
The external electrodes are use to connect all the internal electrodes and to establish the external connection for example by soldering. The external electrode are also screen printed and usually made from Ag, Au, Ag/Pd. Experiments have also been done with electro less plating.
 
How to mount and connect CMA and SCMA