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fb = new Array();
fb[0] = new Array(81, "AC", "Alternating currents", "", "", false);
fb[1] = new Array(50, "aging", "Change of material properties with time.", "", "", false);
fb[2] = new Array(32, "application", "Click for typical applications", "", "Default.aspx?ID=161", false);
fb[3] = new Array(33, "applications", "Click for typical applications", "", "Default.aspx?ID=161", false);
fb[4] = new Array(85, "AQL", "<p>Accepted quality level</p>\n<TABLE style=\"BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse\" borderColor=#000000 cellSpacing=0 cellPadding=2 width=\"99%\" border=1>\n<TBODY>\n<TR style=\"FONT-FAMILY: current\">\n<TD>\n<P align=center><strong>Batch size</strong></p></TD>\n<TD>\n<P align=center><strong>Sample size</strong></p></TD></TR>\n<TR style=\"FONT-FAMILY: current\">\n<TD>\n<P align=center>0-280</p></TD>\n<TD>\n<P align=center>20</p></TD></TR>\n<TR style=\"FONT-FAMILY: current\">\n<TD>\n<P align=center>281-1200</p></TD>\n<TD>\n<P align=center>80</p></TD></TR>\n<TR>\n<TD>\n<P align=center>1201-3200</p></TD>\n<TD>\n<P align=center>125</p></TD></TR>\n<TR>\n<TD>\n<P align=center>3201-</p></TD>\n<TD>\n<P align=center>200</p></TD></TR></TBODY></TABLE>", "", "", false);
fb[5] = new Array(16, "AWG", "<p>American Wire Gauge. A U.S. standard set of non-ferrous wire conductor sizes. Click for details.</p>", "", "Default.aspx?ID=754", false);
fb[6] = new Array(51, "blocking force", "<p>The force required for pushing back a fully energized actuator to zero displacement</p>", "", "", false);
fb[7] = new Array(31, "bulk", "<p>Product with a single layer of ceramic. Monolayer. Click for products.</p>", "", "Default.aspx?ID=7560", false);
fb[8] = new Array(123, "Bulk piezos", "<p>Bulk&nbsp;piezos are monolayer piezo components. Click for details.</p>", "", "Default.aspx?ID=7785", false);
fb[9] = new Array(53, "bus wire", "A wire with multiple bends soldered on stacked ceramic multilayer actuators to electrically connect all the multilayer actuators in the stack", "", "", false);
fb[10] = new Array(54, "capacitance", "A&nbsp;quantity dependent on the type of material and its dimensions", "", "", false);
fb[11] = new Array(44, "closed loop", "A control system with a feedback loop that is active", "", "", false);
fb[12] = new Array(18, "CMA", "Ceramic Multilayer Actuators.", "", "Default.aspx?ID=51", false);
fb[13] = new Array(6, "CMAP", "Ceramic Multilayer Actuator – Plate", "", "Default.aspx?ID=55", false);
fb[14] = new Array(7, "CMAR", "Ceramic Multilayer Actuator – Ring", "", "Default.aspx?ID=56", false);
fb[15] = new Array(19, "CMB", "Ceramic Multilayer Bender", "", "Default.aspx?ID=52", false);
fb[16] = new Array(10, "CMBP", "Ceramic Multilayer Bender &ndash; Plate", "", "Default.aspx?ID=57", false);
fb[17] = new Array(11, "CMBR", "Ceramic Multilayer Bender &ndash; Ring", "", "Default.aspx?ID=58", false);
fb[18] = new Array(89, "Comparison of piezo electric properties of multilayer actuators based on hard and soft PZT", "<h2 class=\"h2\">Abstract</h2><br />The use of piezoelectric materials for actuator applications has been steadily increasing in recent years and for the design of devices there is a need for the knowledge of relevant properties at working conditions. Piezoelectric actuators are usually operated at high electrical field and in the present work, various high-field properties have been measured for a range of commercial materials, soft- or harddoped PZT and electrostrictive PMN-PT. For the soft and electrostrictive materials, both the real and the imaginary parts of the permittivity show a linear dependence on the electric field, as predicted by the Rayleigh law. The hard PZT materials do not obey the Rayleigh law, however. For the soft materials, also the piezoelectric d33 coefficient increases linearly with the field, but not for the hard ones.", "", "", false);
fb[19] = new Array(45, "coupling", "A dimensionless number defined as the square root of the ratio of energy stored in mechanical deformation to the electrical energy needed to produce that deformation", "", "", false);
fb[20] = new Array(55, "creep", "<SPAN class=FB onmousemove=mmfb(); onmouseover=FB(1); onclick=FBC(1); onmouseout=mofb()>Piezoelectric</span> materials exhibit a creep effect i.e. the material continues to expand for some time upon charging", "", "", false);
fb[21] = new Array(125, "CSA", "<p>Ceramic shear actuator</p>", "", "", false);
fb[22] = new Array(105, "CSAP", "<p>Ceramic shear actuator plate. Click for more information.</p>", "", "Default.aspx?ID=7714", true);
fb[23] = new Array(15, "Curie", "The temperature at which complete and permanent depolarisation occurs. ", "", "", false);
fb[24] = new Array(57, "d constant", "A constant that represents the <SPAN class=FB onmousemove=mmfb(); onmouseover=FB(1); onclick=FBC(1); onmouseout=mofb()><FONT color=#515151>piezoelectric</FONT></span> sensitivity by relating the mechanical strain and applied electric field that produces it", "", "", false);
fb[25] = new Array(68, "DAq", "Data acquisition", "", "", false);
fb[26] = new Array(80, "DC", "Direct current", "", "", false);
fb[27] = new Array(56, "dielectric", "The ratio of the permitivity of the material ε to the permitivity of free space ε at low frequencies well below any mechanical resonance of the structure", "", "", false);
fb[28] = new Array(58, "dissipation factor", "A&nbsp;number that specifies the dielectric losses inherent in a <SPAN class=FB onmousemove=mmfb(); onmouseover=FB(1); onclick=FBC(1); onmouseout=mofb()><FONT color=#515151>piezoelectric</FONT></span> material", "", "", false);
fb[29] = new Array(41, "E1", "Electrostrictive material #1", "", "Default.aspx?ID=140", false);
fb[30] = new Array(83, "EMI", "Electromagnetic interference ", "", "", false);
fb[31] = new Array(79, "FEM", "Final Element Modeling", "", "", false);
fb[32] = new Array(52, "free stroke", "The displacement achieved by the actuator at a given voltage level without the actuator working against any external load", "", "", false);
fb[33] = new Array(40, "H1", "<p>Old name for NCE46.&nbsp;Click for datasheet.</p>", "", "Files/Billeder/02 Standard/Ceramics/Noliac_CEramics_NCE_datasheet.pdf", true);
fb[34] = new Array(72, "height", "<p>H = height</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><img alt=\"\" hspace=\"\" border=\"0\" src=\"/Files/Billeder/Illustrations/Facta boxes/H.jpg\" /></p>", "", "", false);
fb[35] = new Array(47, "humidity", "Humidity is a serious piezo killer", "", "Default.aspx?ID=5", false);
fb[36] = new Array(42, "hysteresis", "The lagging of an effect behind its cause; especially the phenomenon in which the magnetic induction of a ferromagnetic material lags behind the changing magnetic field", "", "", false);
fb[37] = new Array(73, "inner diameter", "<p>OD = outer diameter, ID = inner diameter</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><IMG alt=\"\" hspace=0 src=\"Files/Billeder/Illustrations/Facta boxes/ID_OD.jpg\" border=0></p>", "", "", false);
fb[38] = new Array(143, "LD173C", "<p>Bone microphone LD173C. Click for specifications.</p>", "", "Files/Billeder/02 Standard/Transducers/Bone_microphone/LD173C_Bone_microphone_NS.pdf", false);
fb[39] = new Array(90, "Manufacturing, test and performance of ring benders", "<h2 class=\"h2\">Abstract</h2>\n<P class=h2>&nbsp;</p>Multilayer piezoelectric components have in recent years become a very effective solution for engineers looking for a high degree of precision and control in their micro-positioning applications. These engineers, once limited to standard, off-the-shelf components, now have at their disposal a range of very small actuating components that can be designed and produced to meet the exact performance parameters of their state-of-the-art applications. One of Noliac\'s customers approached the company with a challenge of producing very compact component meeting the high displacement given by a stacked actuator (SCMA) but at lower cost. In the following article, this project is outlined, where, working in close cooperation with the customer, a Ceramic Multi-layer Bending Ring (CMBR) has been produced, delivering a displacent (stroke) equivalent to that of an actuator 25 times its size, with a cost structure making this very attractive for the industry.", "", "", false);
fb[40] = new Array(75, "material", "<p>Multilayer components are manufactured in different grades of piezoelectric (PZT) and electrostrictive (PMN) materials</p>", "", "Default.aspx?ID=140", false);
fb[41] = new Array(76, "materials", "<p>Multilayer components are manufactured in different grades of piezoelectric (PZT) and electrostrictive (PMN) materials</p>", "", "Default.aspx?ID=140", false);
fb[42] = new Array(59, "maximum free displacement", "Displacement measured at room temperature, with no mechanical load and at maximum recommended voltage", "", "", false);
fb[43] = new Array(60, "maximum recommended operating temperature", "Maximum temperature the actuator should be exposed to during operation or handling – even short term", "", "", false);
fb[44] = new Array(137, "ME118", "<p>Accelerometer ME118. Click for specifications.</p>", "", "Files/Billeder/02 Standard/Sensors/Accelerometers/Accelerometers_NS.pdf", false);
fb[45] = new Array(138, "ME119", "<p>Accelerometer ME119. Click for specifications.</p>", "", "Files/Billeder/02 Standard/Sensors/Accelerometers/Accelerometers_NS.pdf", true);
fb[46] = new Array(139, "ME128", "<p>Accelerometer ME128. Click for specifications.</p>", "", "Files/Billeder/02 Standard/Sensors/Accelerometers/Accelerometers_NS.pdf", true);
fb[47] = new Array(140, "ME129", "<p>Accelerometer ME129. Click for specifications.</p>", "", "Files/Billeder/02 Standard/Sensors/Accelerometers/Accelerometers_NS.pdf", true);
fb[48] = new Array(136, "ME155", "<p>Accelerometer ME155. Click for specifications.</p>", "", "Files/Billeder/02 Standard/Sensors/Accelerometers/Accelerometers_NS.pdf", true);
fb[49] = new Array(61, "mechanical factor Qm", "The ratio of reactance to resistance in the series equivalent circuit that represents the mechanical vibrating resonant system", "", "", false);
fb[50] = new Array(91, "Method for a digitally driven actuator", "<h2 class=\"h2\">Abstract</h2>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p>A new digital drive principle for electromechanical multilayer actuators is proposed. The digital control has been experimentally tested on multilayer actuators made of two different electroactive materials: piezoelectric and electrostrictive ceramics. Experiments with the drive principle showed that a more linear response, in comparison with an analogue drive of multilayer actuators, could be obtained.</p>", "", "", false);
fb[51] = new Array(127, "MH100", "<p>Accelerometer MH100. Click for specifications.</p>", "", "Files/Billeder/02 Standard/Sensors/Accelerometers/Accelerometers_NS.pdf", true);
fb[52] = new Array(126, "MH118", "<p>Accelerometer MH118. Click for specifications.</p>", "", "Files/Billeder/02 Standard/Sensors/Accelerometers/Accelerometers_NS.pdf", true);
fb[53] = new Array(128, "MH119", "<p>Accelerometer MH119. Click for specifications.</p>", "", "Files/Billeder/02 Standard/Sensors/Accelerometers/Accelerometers_NS.pdf", true);
fb[54] = new Array(129, "MH128", "<p>Accelerometer MH128. Click for specifications.<br />\n&nbsp;</p>", "", "Files/Billeder/02 Standard/Sensors/Accelerometers/Accelerometers_NS.pdf", false);
fb[55] = new Array(141, "MH128U", "<p>Accelerometer MH128U. Click for specifications.</p>", "", "Files/Billeder/02 Standard/Sensors/Accelerometers/Accelerometers_NS.pdf", true);
fb[56] = new Array(130, "MH129", "<p>Accelerometer MH129. Click for specifications.</p>", "", "Files/Billeder/02 Standard/Sensors/Accelerometers/Accelerometers_NS.pdf", true);
fb[57] = new Array(134, "MH155", "<p>Accelerometer MH155. Click for specifications.</p>", "", "Files/Billeder/02 Standard/Sensors/Accelerometers/Accelerometers_NS.pdf", true);
fb[58] = new Array(133, "MH157", "<p>Accelerometer MH157. Click for specifications.</p>", "", "Files/Billeder/02 Standard/Sensors/Accelerometers/Accelerometers_NS.pdf", false);
fb[59] = new Array(132, "MH158", "<p>Accelerometer MH158. Click for specifications.</p>", "", "Files/Billeder/02 Standard/Sensors/Accelerometers/Accelerometers_NS.pdf", true);
fb[60] = new Array(131, "MH158", "<p>Accelerometer MH129. Click for specifications.</p>", "", "Files/Billeder/02 Standard/Sensors/Accelerometers/Accelerometers_NS.pdf", false);
fb[61] = new Array(135, "MH164", "<p>Accelerometer MH164. Click for specifications.</p>", "", "Files/Billeder/02 Standard/Sensors/Accelerometers/Accelerometers_NS.pdf", true);
fb[62] = new Array(142, "MH184", "<p>Accelerometer MH184. Click for specifications.</p>", "", "Files/Billeder/02 Standard/Sensors/Accelerometers/Accelerometers_NS.pdf", true);
fb[63] = new Array(86, "Mikrocentrum", "Sign up for courses in the Netherlands by contacting Mikrocentrum. Click here.", "", "http://www.mikrocentrum.nl/", true);
fb[64] = new Array(97, "monolayer", "<p>Product with a single layer of ceramic. Bulk. Click for products.</p>", "", "Default.aspx?ID=7560", false);
fb[65] = new Array(3, "multilayer", "<p>Build with a number of internal layers of piezoelectric material separated by internal electrodes. Click for products.</p>", "", "Default.aspx?ID=7764", false);
fb[66] = new Array(62, "multilayer piezoelectric actuator", "<p>Electromechanical devices for generating movements in the micrometer range. Click for products.</p>", "", "Default.aspx?ID=7764", false);
fb[67] = new Array(124, "Multilayer piezos", "<p>Multilayer piezos are primarily piezo actuators. Click for details.</p>", "", "Default.aspx?ID=7787", false);
fb[68] = new Array(109, "NC", "<p>Noliac Ceramics</p>", "", "Default.aspx?ID=7553", false);
fb[69] = new Array(144, "NCE40", "<p>Previous name:&nbsp;PCM40. Hard doped ceramic material. Click for specifications.</p>", "", "Files/Billeder/02 Standard/Ceramics/Noliac_CEramics_NCE_datasheet.pdf", true);
fb[70] = new Array(145, "NCE41", "<p>Previous name: PCM41. Hard doped ceramic material. Click for specifications.</p>", "", "Files/Billeder/02 Standard/Ceramics/Noliac_CEramics_NCE_datasheet.pdf", true);
fb[71] = new Array(150, "NCE46", "<p>Previous name:&nbsp;H1. Hard doped ceramic material. Click for specifications.</p>", "", "Files/Billeder/02 Standard/Ceramics/Noliac_CEramics_NCE_datasheet.pdf", true);
fb[72] = new Array(147, "NCE51", "<p>Previous name:&nbsp;PCM51.&nbsp;Soft doped ceramic material. Click for specifications.</p>", "", "Files/Billeder/02 Standard/Ceramics/Noliac_CEramics_NCE_datasheet.pdf", true);
fb[73] = new Array(148, "NCE53", "<p>Previous name: PCM53.&nbsp;Soft doped ceramic material. Click for specifications.<br />\n&nbsp;</p>", "", "Files/Billeder/02 Standard/Ceramics/Noliac_CEramics_NCE_datasheet.pdf", true);
fb[74] = new Array(149, "NCE55", "<p>Previous name:&nbsp;PCM55.&nbsp;Soft doped ceramic material. Click for specifications.</p>", "", "Files/Billeder/02 Standard/Ceramics/Noliac_CEramics_NCE_datasheet.pdf", true);
fb[75] = new Array(151, "NCE57", "<p>Previous name:&nbsp;S1.&nbsp;Soft doped ceramic material. Click for specifications.</p>", "", "Files/Billeder/02 Standard/Ceramics/Noliac_CEramics_NCE_datasheet.pdf", true);
fb[76] = new Array(152, "NCE59", "<p>Previous name:&nbsp;S2.&nbsp;Soft doped ceramic material. Click for specifications.</p>", "", "Files/Billeder/02 Standard/Ceramics/Noliac_CEramics_NCE_datasheet.pdf", true);
fb[77] = new Array(146, "NCE80", "<p>Previous name:&nbsp;PCM80. Hard doped ceramic material. Click for specifications.</p>", "", "Files/Billeder/02 Standard/Ceramics/Noliac_CEramics_NCE_datasheet.pdf", true);
fb[78] = new Array(108, "NG", "<p>Noliac Group</p>", "", "Default.aspx?ID=7721", false);
fb[79] = new Array(107, "NM", "<p>Noliac Motion</p>", "", "Default.aspx?ID=6566", false);
fb[80] = new Array(120, "Noliac Ceramics", "<p><span class=\"text2\"><span class=\"text3\" /></span>Noliac Ceramics is specialized in piezo raw materials and single layer piezo products. Click for details.&nbsp;</p>", "", "Default.aspx?ID=7553", false);
fb[81] = new Array(121, "Noliac Motion", "<p>Noliac Motion is specialized in multilayer piezo products and actuators. Click for details.&nbsp;</p>", "", "Default.aspx?ID=6566", false);
fb[82] = new Array(122, "Noliac Systems", "<p>Noliac Systems is specialized in sensors, transducers and electronic system solutions.&nbsp;Click for details.</p>", "", "Default.aspx?ID=7591", false);
fb[83] = new Array(110, "NS", "<p>Noliac Systems</p>", "", "Default.aspx?ID=7591", false);
fb[84] = new Array(153, "NSE3005", "<p><span style=\"font-size: 8pt; color: black; font-family: \" new=\"\">Previous name: MH118. Click for specifications.</span></p>", "", "Files/Billeder/02 Standard/Sensors/Noliac_SEnsors_NSE_datasheet.pdf", false);
fb[85] = new Array(154, "NSE3010", "<p>Previous name: MH119. Click for specifications.</p>", "", "Files/Billeder/02 Standard/Sensors/Noliac_SEnsors_NSE_datasheet.pdf", true);
fb[86] = new Array(155, "NSE3015", "<p>Previous name: MH128. Click for specifications.</p>", "", "Files/Billeder/02 Standard/Sensors/Noliac_SEnsors_NSE_datasheet.pdf", true);
fb[87] = new Array(156, "NSE3020", "<p>Previous name: MH129. Click for specifications.</p>", "", "Files/Billeder/02 Standard/Sensors/Noliac_SEnsors_NSE_datasheet.pdf", true);
fb[88] = new Array(157, "NSE3025", "<p>Previous name: MH158. Click for specifications.</p>", "", "Files/Billeder/02 Standard/Sensors/Noliac_SEnsors_NSE_datasheet.pdf", false);
fb[89] = new Array(158, "NSE3030", "<p>Previous name: MH157. Click for specifications.</p>", "", "Files/Billeder/02 Standard/Sensors/Noliac_SEnsors_NSE_datasheet.pdf", true);
fb[90] = new Array(159, "NSE3035", "<p>Previous name: MH155. Click for specifications.</p>", "", "Files/Billeder/02 Standard/Sensors/Noliac_SEnsors_NSE_datasheet.pdf", true);
fb[91] = new Array(160, "NSE3040", "<p>Previous name: MH100. Click for specifications.</p>", "", "Files/Billeder/02 Standard/Sensors/Noliac_SEnsors_NSE_datasheet.pdf", true);
fb[92] = new Array(161, "NSE3045", "<p>Previous name: MH164. Click for specifications.</p>", "", "Files/Billeder/02 Standard/Sensors/Noliac_SEnsors_NSE_datasheet.pdf", true);
fb[93] = new Array(162, "NSE3050", "<p>Previous name: MH184. Click for specifications.</p>", "", "Files/Billeder/02 Standard/Sensors/Noliac_SEnsors_NSE_datasheet.pdf", true);
fb[94] = new Array(163, "NSE3055", "<p>Previous name: MH128U. Click for specifications.</p>", "", "Files/Billeder/02 Standard/Sensors/Noliac_SEnsors_NSE_datasheet.pdf", true);
fb[95] = new Array(164, "NSE3105", "<p>Previous name: ME118. Click for specifications.</p>", "", "Files/Billeder/02 Standard/Sensors/Noliac_SEnsors_NSE_datasheet.pdf", true);
fb[96] = new Array(165, "NSE3110", "<p>Previous name: ME119. Click for specifications.</p>", "", "Files/Billeder/02 Standard/Sensors/Noliac_SEnsors_NSE_datasheet.pdf", true);
fb[97] = new Array(166, "NSE3115", "<p>Previous name: ME128. Click for specifications.</p>", "", "Files/Billeder/02 Standard/Sensors/Noliac_SEnsors_NSE_datasheet.pdf", true);
fb[98] = new Array(167, "NSE3120", "<p>Previous name: ME129. Click for specifications.</p>", "", "Files/Billeder/02 Standard/Sensors/Noliac_SEnsors_NSE_datasheet.pdf", true);
fb[99] = new Array(168, "NSE3125", "<p>Previous name: ME155. Click for specifications.</p>", "", "Files/Billeder/02 Standard/Sensors/Noliac_SEnsors_NSE_datasheet.pdf", true);
fb[100] = new Array(169, "NSE3205", "<p>Previous name: LD173E. Click for specifications.</p>", "", "Files/Billeder/02 Standard/Sensors/Noliac_SEnsors_NSE_datasheet.pdf", true);
fb[101] = new Array(170, "NTR5005", "<p>Previous name: UZ250. Click for specifications.</p>", "", "Files/Billeder/02 Standard/Transducers/Noliac_TRansducers_NTR_datasheet.pdf", true);
fb[102] = new Array(63, "open loop control", "The actuator is used without a position sensor. Displacement roughly corresponds to the drive voltage", "", "", false);
fb[103] = new Array(74, "outer diameter", "<p>OD = outer diameter, ID = inner diameter</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><IMG alt=\"\" hspace=0 src=\"Files/Billeder/Illustrations/Facta boxes/ID_OD.jpg\" border=0></p>", "", "", false);
fb[104] = new Array(111, "PCM", "<p>Abbreviation for PiezoCeramic Material, which is now called Noliac CEramics and abbreviated NCE. Click for datasheet.</p>", "", "Files/Billeder/02 Standard/Ceramics/Noliac_CEramics_NCE_datasheet.pdf", false);
fb[105] = new Array(112, "PCM40", "<p>Old name for NCE40. Click for datasheet.</p>", "", "Files/Billeder/02 Standard/Ceramics/Noliac_CEramics_NCE_datasheet.pdf", true);
fb[106] = new Array(113, "PCM41", "<p>Old name for NCE41. Click for datasheet.</p>", "", "Files/Billeder/02 Standard/Ceramics/Noliac_CEramics_NCE_datasheet.pdf", true);
fb[107] = new Array(115, "PCM51", "<p>Old name for NCE51.&nbsp;Click for datasheet.</p>", "", "Files/Billeder/02 Standard/Ceramics/Noliac_CEramics_NCE_datasheet.pdf", true);
fb[108] = new Array(116, "PCM53", "<p>Old name for NCE53.&nbsp;Click for datasheet.</p>", "", "Files/Billeder/02 Standard/Ceramics/Noliac_CEramics_NCE_datasheet.pdf", true);
fb[109] = new Array(117, "PCM55", "<p>Old name for NCE55. Click for datasheet.</p>", "", "Files/Billeder/02 Standard/Ceramics/Noliac_CEramics_NCE_datasheet.pdf", true);
fb[110] = new Array(114, "PCM80", "<p>Old name for NCE80.&nbsp;Click for datasheet.</p>", "", "Files/Billeder/02 Standard/Ceramics/Noliac_CEramics_NCE_datasheet.pdf", true);
fb[111] = new Array(92, "Performance of mulitlayer actuators based on piezoelectric and electrostrictive materials", "<h2 class=\"h2\">Abstract</h2>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p>Actuators can be used to produce displacements from submicrons to a hundred microns. Multilayer structures have advantages over stacked ceramic plates of being able to produce these displacements using low driving voltages, whilst retaining small component size. Here, the properties of multilayer actuators based on piezoelectric and electrostrictive materials are compared. In addition, the performance of various actuator component design are presented and evaluated.</p>", "", "", false);
fb[112] = new Array(14, "piezo", "Component, which changes dimensions when a voltage is applied and produce a charge when pressure is applied.", "", "Default.aspx?ID=38", false);
fb[113] = new Array(1, "piezoelectric", "Changes dimensions when a voltage is applied and produce a charge when pressure is applied.", "", "", false);
fb[114] = new Array(64, "piezoelectric ceramic", "Ceramics are inorganic non-metallic materials. <SPAN class=FB onmousemove=mmfb(); onmouseover=FB(1); onclick=FBC(1); onmouseout=mofb()><FONT color=#515151>Piezoelectric</FONT></span> ceramics differ from <SPAN class=FB onmousemove=mmfb(); onmouseover=FB(1); onclick=FBC(1); onmouseout=mofb()><FONT color=#515151>piezoelectric</FONT></span> crystals in that they must undergo a poling procedure for the <SPAN class=FB onmousemove=mmfb(); onmouseover=FB(1); onclick=FBC(1); onmouseout=mofb()><FONT color=#515151>piezoelectric</FONT></span> phenomenon to occur", "", "", false);
fb[115] = new Array(93, "Properties and performance of multilayer actuators for dynamic applications", "<h2 class=\"h2\">Abstract</h2>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p>Piezoelectric actuators can be used to produce displacements in the range from submicron to several microns with a very high resolution, a very short response time and low energy consumption. Multilayer components have advantages over stacked ceramic plates, being able to produce displacements at low driving voltages and having a compact design. Traditionally, multilayer actuators used in static or quasistatic applications are based on soft PZT materials. However, in dynamic applications such as inchworm motors, resonant actuators and piezoelectric motors hars PZT materials are preferred due to lower electrical and mechanical losses. In this paper, the properties and performance of soft and hard type PZT multilayer actuators are presented and discussed.</p>", "", "", false);
fb[116] = new Array(17, "PZT", "<p>An acronym for Lead Zirconate Titanate that has become a common designation for all piezoelectric ceramic materials.</p>", "", "Default.aspx?ID=140", false);
fb[117] = new Array(36, "QA", "Quality Assurance", "", "Default.aspx?ID=49", false);
fb[118] = new Array(35, "r&d", "Research &amp; Development", "", "Default.aspx?ID=704", false);
fb[119] = new Array(65, "recommended voltage range", "The actuators should not be exposed to any voltage outside this range during operation – even on short term", "", "", false);
fb[120] = new Array(88, "Reliability of piezoelectric actuators at extreme operating conditions", "<h2 class=\"h2\">Abstract</h2>\n<P class=h2>&nbsp;</p>\n<p>Users of piezoelectric actuators constantly demand higher performance and high reliability. Better design may be engineered to achieve this. Experimental studies on reliability of multilayer piezoelectric actuators at very high electrical field strength as well as high humidity have been initialised. Results indicate that piezoelectric actuators may be operated at 6kV/mm whereas damp/heat tests suggest that ring-shaped actuators provide better reliability than square design</p>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>", "", "", false);
fb[121] = new Array(94, "Review paper on Noliac ring transformer", "<h2 class=\"h2\">Abstract</h2>\n<P class=h2>&nbsp;</p>\n<p>A new innovative multilayer PT design for operation with high power density and frequencies up to several MHz is presented. The design is based on a ring-shaped element operating in thickness vibrational mode, where the primary and secondary sides are separated by an isolation layer. Prototypes with intricate geometry, a result of FEM simulations for maximising the effective coupling factor of the working mode and suppressing spurious modes, are presented. Initial results show power densities above 40 W/cm3 at efficiencies above 98%. This is a clear improvement over present state-of-the-art transformers. The flexibility of the general design with respect to changing power levels and transformation ratios opens a variety of new enormous markets in the electronic industry.<br /></p>", "", "", false);
fb[122] = new Array(38, "S1", "<p>Old name for NCE57.&nbsp;Click for datasheet.</p>", "", "Files/Billeder/02 Standard/Ceramics/Noliac_CEramics_NCE_datasheet.pdf", true);
fb[123] = new Array(39, "S2", "<p>Old name for NCE59.&nbsp;Click for datasheet.</p>", "", "Files/Billeder/02 Standard/Ceramics/Noliac_CEramics_NCE_datasheet.pdf", true);
fb[124] = new Array(30, "SCMA", "Stacked Ceramic Mulilayer Actuator", "", "Default.aspx?ID=51", false);
fb[125] = new Array(8, "SCMAP", "Stacked Ceramic Multilayer Actuator&ndash; Plate", "", "Default.aspx?ID=59", false);
fb[126] = new Array(9, "SCMAR", "Stacked Ceramic Multilayer Actuator– Ring", "", "Default.aspx?ID=60", false);
fb[127] = new Array(95, "Static and dynamic performance of stacked multilayer actuators based on hard and soft PZT", "<h2 class=\"h2\">Abstract</h2>\n<P class=h2>&nbsp;</p>The use of piezoelectric actuators has been steadily increasing in recent years. Piezoelectric actuators are now used in very diverse applications, e.g. fuel injection, printing, active noise&nbsp; and vibration control, piezo motors, piezo valves etc. Today, piezoelectric actuators are mainly manufactured by the multilayer approach, which has several advantages over the stacked type actuators, the most important being low voltage, high strain and low cost. Most suppliers of piezoelectric actuators offer high-d33 soft-doped PZT versions only. However, for some applications actuators based on other piezoelectric or electrostrictive materials are advantageous. A comparison of actuator performances has been carried out in order to provide data for a more appropriate selection of materials for piezoelectric actuators.", "", "", false);
fb[128] = new Array(82, "stiffness", "The physical property of being inflexible and hard to bend", "", "", false);
fb[129] = new Array(66, "strain", "The strain is the ratio of the change in length to the length&nbsp;", "", "", false);
fb[130] = new Array(69, "TCE", "Thermal coefficient of expansion", "", "", false);
fb[131] = new Array(96, "The effect of ceramic microstructure on the properties and durability of multilayer actuators", "<h2 class=\"h2\">Abstract</h2>\n<p>&nbsp;</p>\n<p>Actuators can be used to produce displacementsfr om submicronst o hundreds of microns. Multilayer components have advantages over stacked ceramic plates. being able to produce displacements at low driving voltages and having a compact design. Here, the relationship between the microstructure and piezoelectric and dielectric properties of ceramic multilayer actuators based on a soft piezoelectric material has been investigated. In addition, life-testing for 109 cycles has been carried out and the properties of the ceramic multilayer actuators have been related to changes of the microstructure.</p>", "", "", false);
fb[132] = new Array(77, "transducer", "<p>Piezo transducers transmit and receive waves for sensing and can be based on single or multilayer components</p>", "", "Default.aspx?ID=7771", false);
fb[133] = new Array(78, "transducers", "<p>Piezo transducers transmit and receive waves for sensing and can be based on single or multilayer components <br />\n&nbsp;</p>", "", "Default.aspx?ID=7771", false);
fb[134] = new Array(118, "transformer", "<p>Piezo transformers convert an electrical input into mechanical energy and subsequently reconvert this mechanical energy back to an electrical output</p>", "", "Default.aspx?ID=7773", false);
fb[135] = new Array(119, "transformers", "<p>Piezo transformers convert an electrical input into mechanical energy and subsequently reconvert this mechanical energy back to an electrical output<br />\n&nbsp;</p>", "", "Default.aspx?ID=7773", false);
fb[136] = new Array(67, "wire", "<p>The wires soldered to the stacked ceramic multilayer actuators are single or multi-core leads with a specified length and a gauge using <SPAN class=FB onmousemove=mmfb(); onmouseover=FB(16); onclick=FBC(16); onmouseout=mofb()><FONT color=#515151>AWG.</FONT></span></p>\n<p><SPAN class=FB onmousemove=mmfb(); onmouseover=FB(16); onclick=FBC(16); onmouseout=mofb()><FONT color=#515151></FONT></span>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><SPAN class=FB onmousemove=mmfb(); onmouseover=FB(16); onclick=FBC(16); onmouseout=mofb()><FONT color=#515151>Click for more information.</FONT></span></p>", "", "Default.aspx?ID=139", false);
fb[137] = new Array(84, "wires", "<p>The wires soldered to the stacked ceramic multilayer actuators are single or multi-core leads with a specified length and a gauge using <SPAN class=FB onmousemove=mmfb(); onmouseover=FB(16); onclick=FBC(16); onmouseout=mofb()><FONT color=#515151>AWG.</FONT></span></p>\n<p><SPAN class=FB onmousemove=mmfb(); onmouseover=FB(16); onclick=FBC(16); onmouseout=mofb()></span>&nbsp;</p>\n<p><SPAN class=FB onmousemove=mmfb(); onmouseover=FB(16); onclick=FBC(16); onmouseout=mofb()></span>Click for more information</p>", "", "Default.aspx?ID=139", false);